Bilety Na the Bob Dylan Birthday Bash Count Basie Center for the Arts May 23

Jamaican reggae musician (1945–1981)

The Honourable

Bob Marley


OM

Black and white image of Bob Marley on stage with a guitar

Marley performing at the Dalymount Park in Dublin in July 1980

Born

Robert Nesta Marley


(1945-02-06)6 Feb 1945

Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Colony of Jamaica

Died 11 May 1981(1981-05-11) (anile 36)

Miami, Florida, US

Other names
  • Donald Marley
  • Tuff Gong
Occupation
  • Musician
  • songwriter
Spouse(south)

Rita Anderson

(thou. )

Partner(s) Cindy Breakspeare (1977–1978)
Children
  • 11, including
  • Sharon
  • Cedella
  • David "Ziggy"
  • Stephen
  • Rohan
  • Julian
  • Ky-Mani
  • and Damian
Parent(south)
  • Norval Sinclair Marley
  • Cedella Booker
Relatives
  • Skip Marley (grandson)
  • Nico Marley (grandson)
  • Selah Marley (granddaughter)
Musical career
Genres
  • Reggae
  • ska
  • rocksteady
  • folk[1]
Instruments
  • Vocals
  • guitar
  • percussion
Years active 1962–1981
Labels
  • Beverley's
  • Studio I
  • JAD
  • Wail'northward Soul'm
  • Upsetter
  • Tuff Gong
  • Island
Associated acts Bob Marley and the Wailers
Website bobmarley.com

Musical artist

Robert Nesta Marley OM (half-dozen February 1945 – 11 May 1981) was a Jamaican vocalizer, musician, and songwriter. Considered one of the pioneers of reggae, his musical career was marked by fusing elements of reggae, ska, and rocksteady, likewise equally his distinctive vocal and songwriting style.[2] [3] Marley'southward contributions to music increased the visibility of Jamaican music worldwide, and made him a global effigy in pop civilisation to this day.[4] [five] Over the course of his career, Marley became known as a Rastafari icon, and he infused his music with a sense of spirituality.[vi] He is as well considered a global symbol of Jamaican music and culture and identity, and was controversial in his outspoken support for democratic social reforms. In 1976, Marley survived an bump-off attempt in his habitation, which was thought to exist politically motivated.[7] He also supported legalization of marijuana, and advocated for Pan-Africanism.[eight]

Born in Nine Mile, Jamaica, Marley began his professional person musical career in 1963, after forming the Teenagers with Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer, which later several proper name changes would become the Wailers. The grouping released its debut studio album The Wailing Wailers in 1965, which independent the single "One Beloved", a reworking of "People Get Prepare"; the vocal was popular worldwide, and established the group equally a rising effigy in reggae.[9] The Wailers released a farther 11 studio albums, and after signing to Island Records the band's proper noun became Bob Marley and the Wailers. While initially employing louder instrumentation and singing, the group began engaging in rhythmic-based vocal construction in the late 1960s and early on 1970s, which coincided with Marley'south conversion to Rastafari. Around this time, Marley relocated to London, and the group embodied their musical shift with the release of the album The Best of The Wailers (1971).[x]

The group started to gain international attention later on signing to Isle, and touring in support of the albums Grab a Fire and Burnin' (both 1973). Following the disbandment of the Wailers a year later, Marley carried on nether the band'southward name.[11] The album Natty Dread (1974) received positive reception. In 1975, following the global popularity of Eric Clapton's version of Marley's "I Shot the Sheriff",[12] Marley had his international breakthrough with his first hitting exterior Jamaica, with a live version of "No Woman, No Cry", from the Live! album.[13] This was followed past his breakthrough album in the United States, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which reached the Top 50 of the Billboard Soul Charts.[14] A few months after the album's release Marley survived an assassination attempt at his domicile in Jamaica, which prompted him to permanently relocate to London. During his time in London he recorded the anthology Exodus (1977); it incorporated elements of blues, soul, and British rock and enjoyed widespread commercial and critical success. In 1977, Marley was diagnosed with acral lentiginous melanoma; he died equally a result of the illness in 1981. His fans effectually the world expressed their grief, and he received a state funeral in Jamaica.

The greatest hits album Legend was released in 1984, and became the best-selling reggae album of all time.[xv] Marley besides ranks as one of the all-time-selling music artists of all time, with estimated sales of more than 75 million records worldwide.[16] He was posthumously honoured by Jamaica soon after his expiry with a designated Society of Merit by his nation. In 1994, he was inducted into the Stone and Roll Hall of Fame. Rolling Stone ranked him No. 11 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[17] His other achievements include a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and induction into the Blackness Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame.

Early on life and career

Robert Nesta Marley was built-in on six February 1945 at the farm of his maternal grandfather in Ix Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica, to Norval Sinclair Marley and Cedella Malcolm.[18] Norval Marley was from Crowborough, East Sussex in England,[19] then resident of Clarendon Parish,[xx] whose family claimed to take Syrian Jewish origins as well.[21] [22] [23] Norval claimed to have been a captain in the Royal Marines;[24] at the time of his marriage to Cedella Malcolm, an Afro-Jamaican so 18 years former, he was employed as a plantation overseer.[24] [25] Bob Marley's total name is Robert Nesta Marley, though some sources give his nascence proper noun as Nesta Robert Marley, with a story that when Marley was still a boy a Jamaican passport official reversed his first and center names because Nesta sounded like a girl'south name.[26] [27] Norval provided financial support for his wife and child but seldom saw them as he was oft away. Bob Marley attended Stepney Primary and Junior High School which serves the catchment area of Saint Ann.[28] [29] In 1955, when Bob Marley was ten years quondam, his father died of a middle attack at the age of lxx.[thirty] Marley's mother went on later to marry Edward Booker, a ceremonious retainer from the U.s.a., giving Marley two one-half-brothers: Richard and Anthony.[31] [32]

Bob Marley and Neville Livingston (later known equally Bunny Wailer) had been childhood friends in 9 Mile. They had started to play music together while at Stepney Primary and Junior High School.[33] Marley left Ix Mile with his mother when he was 12 and moved to Trenchtown, Kingston. She and Thadeus Livingston (Bunny Wailer's begetter) had a daughter together whom they named Claudette Pearl,[34] who was a younger sister to both Bob and Bunny. Now that Marley and Livingston were living together in the same house in Trenchtown, their musical explorations deepened to include the new ska music, and the latest R&B from Usa radio stations whose broadcasts reached Jamaica.[35] Marley formed a vocal group with Bunny Wailer, and Peter Tosh. The line-upward was known variously equally the Teenagers, the Wailing Rudeboys, the Wailing Wailers and finally just the Wailers. Joe Higgs, who was part of the successful song human action Higgs and Wilson, lived nearby and encouraged Marley.[36] Marley and the others did non play any instruments at this time, and were more interested in beingness a song harmony group. Higgs helped them develop their vocal harmonies, and started to teach Marley how to play guitar.[37] [38]

Musical career

1962–1972: Early years

In Feb 1962, Marley recorded four songs, "Judge Non", "One Cup of Coffee", "Practise You Still Love Me?" and "Terror", at Federal Studios for local music producer Leslie Kong.[39] Three of the songs were released on Beverley'south with "One Cup of Java" existence released under the pseudonym Bobby Martell.[twoscore]

In 1963, Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, Peter Tosh, Junior Braithwaite, Beverley Kelso, and Ruddy Smith were called the Teenagers. They later inverse the name to the Wailing Rudeboys, then to the Wailing Wailers, at which point they were discovered past record producer Coxsone Dodd, and finally to the Wailers. Their single "Simmer Down" for the Coxsone label became a Jamaican No. i in February 1964 selling an estimated seventy,000 copies.[41] The Wailers, now regularly recording for Studio One, found themselves working with established Jamaican musicians such every bit Ernest Ranglin (arranger "It Hurts To Be Alone"),[42] the keyboardist Jackie Mittoo and saxophonist Roland Alphonso. By 1966, Braithwaite, Kelso, and Smith had left the Wailers, leaving the core trio of Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, and Peter Tosh.[43]

In 1966, Marley married Rita Anderson, and moved near his mother'due south residence in Wilmington, Delaware, in the United States for a short time, during which he worked as a DuPont lab assistant, and on the assembly line and every bit a fork lift operator at a Chrysler found in nearby Newark, under the allonym Donald Marley.[44] [45]

Though raised as a Catholic, Marley became interested in Rastafari beliefs in the 1960s, when away from his mother's influence.[46] After returning to Jamaica, Marley formally converted to Rastafari and began to grow dreadlocks.

After a financial disagreement with Dodd, Marley and his band teamed upwards with Lee "Scratch" Perry and his studio band, the Upsetters. Although the alliance lasted less than a year, they recorded what many consider the Wailers' finest work. Marley and Perry split afterwards a dispute regarding the assignment of recording rights, only they would keep to work together.[47]

1969 brought another change to Jamaican popular music in which the beat slowed down even further. The new beat was a slow, steady, ticking rhythm that was first heard on The Maytals song "Do the Reggay." Marley approached producer Leslie Kong, who was regarded as one of the major developers of the reggae audio. For the recordings, Kong combined the Wailers with his studio musicians called Beverley's All-Stars, which consisted of the bassists Lloyd Parks and Jackie Jackson, the drummer Paul Douglas, the keyboard players Gladstone Anderson and Winston Wright, and the guitarists Rad Bryan, Lynn Taitt, and Hux Dark-brown.[48] As David Moskowitz writes, "The tracks recorded in this session illustrated the Wailers' primeval efforts in the new reggae fashion. Gone are the ska trumpets and saxophones of the earlier songs, with instrumental breaks now beingness played past the electrical guitar." The songs recorded would be released as the album The Best of The Wailers, including tracks "Soul Shakedown Party," "Terminate That Train," "Caution," "Become Tell Information technology on the Mount," "Soon Come," "Can't You See," "Soul Captives," "Cheer Up," "Back Out," and "Do It Twice".[48]

Exterior of Bob Marley's apartment building in London.

Bob Marley'southward flat in 1972 at 34 Ridgmount Gardens, Bloomsbury, London

Between 1968 and 1972, Bob and Rita Marley, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer re-cut some sometime tracks with JAD Records in Kingston and London in an try to commercialise the Wailers' sound. Bunny later asserted that these songs "should never be released on an album ... they were just demos for tape companies to listen to". In 1968, Bob and Rita visited songwriter Jimmy Norman at his flat in the Bronx. Norman had written the extended lyrics for Kai Winding's "Time Is on My Side" (covered by the Rolling Stones) and had also written for Johnny Nash and Jimi Hendrix.[49] A three-day jam session with Norman and others, including Norman's co-writer Al Pyfrom, resulted in a 24-minute tape of Marley performing several of his own and Norman-Pyfrom's compositions. This tape is, according to Reggae archivist Roger Steffens, rare in that it was influenced past popular rather than reggae, as part of an effort to break Marley into the US charts.[49] According to an article in The New York Times, Marley experimented on the record with dissimilar sounds, adopting a doo-wop manner on "Stay With Me" and "the irksome love song style of 1960s artists" on "Splish for My Splash".[49] An artist yet to establish himself exterior his native Jamaica, Marley lived in Ridgmount Gardens, Bloomsbury, during 1972.[fifty]

1972–1974: Move to Island Records

In 1972, Bob Marley signed with CBS Records in London and embarked on a UK tour with soul singer Johnny Nash.[51] While in London the Wailers asked their road manager Brent Clarke to innovate them to Chris Blackwell, who had licensed some of their Coxsone releases for his Island Records. The Wailers intended to talk over the royalties associated with these releases; instead, the coming together resulted in the offer of an advance of £4,000 to record an album.[52] Since Jimmy Cliff, Island'south top reggae star, had recently left the characterization, Blackwell was primed for a replacement. In Marley, Blackwell recognised the elements needed to snare the stone audience: "I was dealing with rock music, which was really rebel music. I felt that would really exist the way to break Jamaican music. But you needed someone who could exist that prototype. When Bob walked in he really was that epitome."[53] The Wailers returned to Jamaica to tape at Harry J'southward in Kingston, which resulted in the album Grab a Fire.

Primarily recorded on an eight-track, Catch a Fire marked the first time a reggae band had access to a state-of-the-art studio and were accorded the same care as their rock 'n' roll peers.[53] Blackwell desired to create "more of a drifting, hypnotic-blazon feel than a reggae rhythm",[54] and restructured Marley's mixes and arrangements. Marley travelled to London to supervise Blackwell's overdubbing of the album at Island Studios, which included tempering the mix from the bass-heavy audio of Jamaican music and omitting two tracks.[53]

The Wailers' starting time anthology for Island, Catch a Burn down, was released worldwide in Apr 1973, packaged like a rock record with a unique Zippo lighter lift-top. Initially selling 14,000 units, it received a positive critical reception.[53] It was followed later that yr by the album Burnin' which included the song "I Shot the Sheriff". Eric Clapton was given the album by his guitarist George Terry in the hope that he would enjoy information technology.[55] Clapton was impressed and chose to record a cover version of "I Shot the Sheriff" which became his showtime United states hit since "Layla" two years earlier and reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on xiv September 1974.[56] Many Jamaicans were not peachy on the new reggae sound on Catch a Fire, simply the Trenchtown style of Burnin found fans across both reggae and stone audiences.[53]

During this menstruum, Blackwell gifted his Kingston residence and company headquarters at 56 Hope Road (then known as Island House) to Marley. Housing Tuff Gong Studios, the property became not just Marley's office but also his home.[53]

The Wailers were scheduled to open 17 shows in the U.s. for Sly and the Family unit Rock. After four shows, the band was fired considering they were more popular than the acts they were opening for.[57] The Wailers disbanded in 1974, with each of the three main members pursuing a solo career.

1974–1976: Line-upwards changes and shooting

A crowd of people standing in water and listening to a band perform on stage

Despite the break-upward, Marley continued recording as "Bob Marley & The Wailers". His new backing band included brothers Carlton and Aston "Family Human being" Barrett on drums and bass respectively, Inferior Marvin and Al Anderson on lead guitar, Tyrone Downie and Earl "Wya" Lindo on keyboards, and Alvin "Seeco" Patterson on percussion. The "I Threes", consisting of Judy Mowatt, Marcia Griffiths, and Marley'due south wife, Rita, provided backing vocals. In 1975, Marley had his international breakthrough with his first striking outside Jamaica, with a live version of "No Adult female, No Cry", from the Live! album.[13] This was followed by his breakthrough album in the The states, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which reached the Top l of the Billboard Soul Charts.[fourteen]

On 3 December 1976, ii days before "Grinning Jamaica", a free concert organised past the Jamaican Prime Government minister Michael Manley in an attempt to ease tension betwixt two warring political groups, Marley, his wife, and manager Don Taylor were wounded in an assault by unknown gunmen inside Marley's home. Taylor and Marley's wife sustained serious injuries merely afterwards made full recoveries. Bob Marley received minor wounds in the chest and arm.[58] The attempt on his life was thought to have been politically motivated, as many felt the concert was really a back up rally for Manley. Withal, the concert proceeded, and an injured Marley performed as scheduled, two days after the attempt. When asked why, Marley responded, "The people who are trying to make this world worse aren't taking a day off. How can I?"[ citation needed ] The members of the grouping Zap Pow played equally Bob Marley'south backup band earlier a festival oversupply of 80,000 while members of The Wailers were nonetheless missing or in hiding.[59] [60]

1976–1979: Relocation to England

Marley left Jamaica at the stop of 1976, and subsequently a calendar month-long "recovery and writing" sojourn at the site of Chris Blackwell'southward Compass Point Studios in Nassau, Bahamas, arrived in England, where he spent two years in self-imposed exile.

Whilst in England, he recorded the albums Exodus and Kaya. Exodus stayed on the British album charts for 56 consecutive weeks. Information technology included four United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland hit singles: "Exodus", "Waiting in Vain", "Jamming", and "One Love" (which interpolates Curtis Mayfield's hit, "People Get Ready"). During his time in London, he was arrested and received a conviction for possession of a minor quantity of cannabis.[61] In 1978, Marley returned to Jamaica and performed at another political concert, the One Love Peace Concert, again in an attempt to at-home warring parties. About the end of the performance, by Marley's request, Michael Manley (leader of then-ruling People'due south National Party) and his political rival Edward Seaga (leader of the opposing Jamaica Labour Political party) joined each other on stage and shook hands.[62]

Under the name Bob Marley and the Wailers 11 albums were released, 4 alive albums and seven studio albums. The releases included Babylon by Bus, a double live album with thirteen tracks, was released in 1978 and received critical acclamation. This album, and specifically the final track "Jamming" with the audience in a frenzy captured the intensity of Marley's live performances.[63]

"Marley wasn't singing almost how peace could come easily to the World but rather how hell on Earth comes too easily to likewise many. His songs were his memories; he had lived with the wretched, he had seen the downpressers and those whom they pressed downwardly."

 – Mikal Gilmore, Rolling Stone [64] : 61

1979–1981: Later on years

Survival, a defiant and politically charged album, was released in 1979. Tracks such every bit "Zimbabwe", "Africa Unite", "Wake Up and Alive", and "Survival" reflected Marley'southward support for the struggles of Africans. His advent at the Amandla Festival in Boston in July 1979 showed his potent opposition to South African apartheid, which he already had shown in his song "War" in 1976. In early on 1980, he was invited to perform at 17 Apr celebration of Republic of zimbabwe'south Independence Day.[65]

Uprising (1980) was Bob Marley's final studio album, and is 1 of his most religious productions; it includes "Redemption Song" and "Forever Loving Jah".[66] Confrontation, released posthumously in 1983, contained unreleased cloth recorded during Marley's lifetime, including the hit "Buffalo Soldier" and new mixes of singles previously only available in Jamaica.[67]

Affliction and expiry

Bob Marley singing and playing guitar at a concert in Zurich, Switzerland in 1980.

Marley in concert in 1980, Zürich, Switzerland

In July 1977, Marley was diagnosed with a type of cancerous melanoma nether a toenail.[68] Reverse to urban fable, this lesion was not primarily caused past an injury during a football game match that twelvemonth but was instead a symptom of already-existing cancer.[69] He had to see 2 doctors before a biopsy was made, which confirmed acral lentiginous melanoma. Unlike other melanomas, usually on skin exposed to the sun, acral lentiginous melanoma occurs in places that are like shooting fish in a barrel to miss, such as the soles of the feet, or under toenails. Although information technology is the well-nigh common melanoma in people with night peel, information technology is not widely recognised, and was non mentioned in the most popular medical textbook of the time.[70]

Marley rejected his doctors' advice to have his toe amputated (which would have hindered his performing career), citing his religious beliefs, and instead, the nail and boom bed were removed and a pare graft was taken from his thigh to cover the surface area.[71] [72] Despite his disease, he continued touring and was in the procedure of scheduling a 1980 globe bout.[73]

The album Uprising was released in May 1980. The band completed a major tour of Europe, where it played its biggest concert to 100,000 people in Milan, Italian republic. Later the tour Marley went to the The states, where he performed ii shows at Madison Square Garden in New York City as part of the Uprising Tour.[74] He collapsed while jogging in Central Park and was taken to the infirmary, where it was institute that his cancer had spread to his brain, lungs, and liver.[75]

Marley's last concert took place two days later at the Stanley Theater (now The Benedum Center For The Performing Arts) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on 23 September 1980.[76] The only known photographs from the show were included in Kevin Macdonald'due south 2012 documentary film Marley.[77]

Shortly afterward, Marley'southward health deteriorated as his cancer had spread throughout his body. The rest of the tour was canceled and Marley sought treatment at the dispensary of Josef Issels in Bavaria, Federal republic of germany, where he underwent an alternative cancer treatment chosen Issels handling partly based on avoidance of certain foods, drinks, and other substances. After eight months of declining to effectively treat his advancing cancer, Marley boarded a airplane for his dwelling in Jamaica.[78] During the flight Marley's vital functions worsened. After landing in Miami, Florida, he was taken to Cedars of Lebanon Hospital (later on Academy of Miami Hospital) for immediate medical attention, where he died on eleven May 1981, anile 36, due to the spread of melanoma to his lungs and brain. His final words to his son Ziggy were "Coin tin can't buy life."[79]

Marley was given a state funeral in Jamaica on 21 May 1981, which combined elements of Ethiopian Orthodoxy[80] [81] and Rastafari tradition.[82] He was cached in a chapel about his birthplace with his guitar.[83]

On 21 May 1981, Jamaican Prime Minister Edward Seaga delivered the terminal funeral eulogy to Marley, saying:

His vocalization was an omnipresent cry in our electronic globe. His sharp features, majestic looks, and prancing style a brilliant etching on the landscape of our minds. Bob Marley was never seen. He was an feel which left an indelible imprint with each encounter. Such a human cannot be erased from the mind. He is part of the commonage consciousness of the nation.[64] : 58

Legacy

Awards and honours

  • 1976: Rolling Stone Band of the Year
  • June 1978: Awarded the Peace Medal of the 3rd World from the United Nations.[64] : 5
  • February 1981: Awarded the Jamaican Order of Merit, so the nation's third highest accolade.[84]
  • March 1994: Inducted into the Rock and Scroll Hall of Fame.
  • 1999: Album of the Century for Exodus by Time magazine.[85]
  • February 2001: A star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
  • February 2001: Awarded Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.[86]
  • 2004: Rolling Stone ranked him No. 11 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[17]
  • 2004: Among the start inductees into the Great britain Music Hall of Fame
  • "One Dearest" named song of the millennium past BBC.
  • Voted as one of the greatest lyricists of all fourth dimension by a BBC poll.[87]
  • 2006: A blue plaque was unveiled at his first UK residence in Ridgmount Gardens, London, defended to him by the Nubian Jak Community Trust and supported by the Strange and Commonwealth Office.[88] [89]
  • 2010: Catch a Fire inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame (Reggae Anthology).[ninety]
  • 2022: Inducted into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame.[91]

Other tributes

Marley statue in Kingston

A statue was inaugurated, next to the national stadium on Arthur Wint Bulldoze in Kingston to commemorate him.[92] In 2006, the New York Urban center Section of Education co-named a portion of Church building Avenue from Remsen Avenue to E 98th Street in the Eastward Flatbush section of Brooklyn as "Bob Marley Boulevard".[93] [94] In 2008, a statue of Marley was inaugurated in Banatski Sokolac, Serbia.[95]

Internationally, Marley's message likewise continues to reverberate among various indigenous communities. For example, members of the Native American Hopi and Havasupai tribes revere his work.[64] There are also many tributes to Bob Marley throughout India, including restaurants, hotels, and cultural festivals.[96] [97]

Marley evolved into a global symbol, which has been endlessly merchandised through a diversity of media. In the light of this, writer Dave Thompson in his book, Reggae and Caribbean Music, laments what he perceives to be the commercialised pacification of Marley'south more militant border, stating:

Bob Marley ranks among both the nearly popular and the most misunderstood figures in modern culture ... That the automobile has utterly emasculated Marley is beyond doubt. Gone from the public record is the ghetto kid who dreamed of Che Guevara and the Black Panthers, and pinned their posters up in the Wailers Soul Shack tape store; who believed in freedom; and the fighting which it necessitated, and dressed the part on an early on album sleeve; whose heroes were James Brown and Muhammad Ali; whose God was Ras Tafari and whose sacrament was marijuana. Instead, the Bob Marley who surveys his kingdom today is smile benevolence, a shining sun, a waving palm tree, and a cord of hits which tumble out of polite radio like candy from a gumball machine. Of form information technology has assured his immortality. But information technology has also demeaned him beyond recognition. Bob Marley was worth far more.[98]

Several movie adaptations take evolved as well. For case, a feature-length documentary about his life, Rebel Music, won various awards at the Grammys. With contributions from Rita, The Wailers, and Marley'south lovers and children, it as well tells much of the story in his own words.[99] In February 2008, director Martin Scorsese announced his intention to produce a documentary motion-picture show on Marley. The film was ready to be released on vi February 2010, on what would have been Marley'south 65th birthday.[100] Notwithstanding, Scorsese dropped out due to scheduling issues. He was replaced by Jonathan Demme,[101] who dropped out due to creative differences with producer Steve Bing during the outset of editing. Kevin Macdonald replaced Demme[102] and the motion picture, Marley, was released on xx April 2012.[103] In 2011, ex-girlfriend and filmmaker Esther Anderson, forth with Gian Godoy, made the documentary Bob Marley: The Making of a Fable, which premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival.[104]

In October 2015, Jamaican author Marlon James's novel, A Brief History of Seven Killings, a fictional account of the attempted assassination of Marley, won the 2015 Man Booker Prize at a ceremony in London.[105]

In February 2020, Get Up, Stand! The Bob Marley Musical was appear by writer Lee Hall and director Dominic Cooke, starring Arinzé Kene as Bob Marley. It will open at London's Lyric Theatre on 20 October 2021, after being postponed from its original Feb premiere due to the COVID-nineteen pandemic.[106] [107]

Personal life

Faith

Bob Marley was a member for some years of the Rastafari motion, whose civilization was a key element in the evolution of reggae.[ citation needed ] He became an ardent proponent of Rastafari, taking its music out of the socially deprived areas of Jamaica and onto the international music scene.[ citation needed ] As part of being a Rastafarian he felt that Haile Selassie of Ethiopia was an incarnation of God or "Jah".[108] Archbishop Abuna Yesehaq baptised Marley into the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, giving him the name Berhane Selassie, on 4 Nov 1980, soon earlier his death.[109] [110]

Equally a Rastafarian Marley supported the legalisation of cannabis or "ganja", which Rastafarians believe is an assistance to meditation.[111] Marley began to use cannabis when he converted to the Rastafari organized religion from Catholicism in 1966. He was arrested in 1968 later on being defenseless with cannabis but continued to utilise marijuana in accordance with his religious beliefs. Of his marijuana usage, he said, "When yous smoke herb, herb reveal yourself to you. All the wickedness you do, the herb reveal itself to yourself, your conscience, show upwards yourself clear, because herb make you meditate. Is only a natural t'ing and it grow like a tree."[112] Marley saw marijuana usage as a vital gene in religious growth and connection with Jah, and equally a way to philosophise and become wiser.[113]

Marley was a Pan-Africanist and believed in the unity of African people worldwide. His behavior were rooted in his Rastafari religious beliefs.[114] He was substantially inspired past Marcus Garvey, and had anti-imperialist and pan-Africanist themes in many of his songs, such as "Zimbabwe", "Exodus", "Survival", "Blackman Redemption", and "Redemption Song". "Redemption Vocal" draws influence from a spoken communication given by Marcus Garvey in Nova Scotia, 1937.[115] Marley held that independence of African countries from European domination was a victory for all those in the African diaspora. In the song "Africa Unite", he sings of a desire for all peoples of the African diaspora to come together and fight confronting "Babylon"; similarly, in the song "Zimbabwe", he marks the liberation of the whole continent of Africa, and evokes calls for unity betwixt all Africans, both within and outside Africa.[116]

Family

Bob Marley married Alpharita Constantia "Rita" Anderson in Kingston, Jamaica, on x Feb 1966.[117] Marley had many children: iv with his wife Rita, 2 adopted from Rita's previous relationships, and several others with different women. The official Bob Marley website acknowledges eleven children.

Those listed on the official site are:[118]

  1. Sharon, born 23 Nov 1964, daughter of Rita from a previous relationship only then adopted by Marley after his marriage with Rita
  2. Cedella, born 23 August 1967, to Rita
  3. David "Ziggy", built-in 17 Oct 1968, to Rita
  4. Stephen, born 20 April 1972, to Rita
  5. Robert "Robbie", built-in 16 May 1972, to Pat Williams
  6. Rohan, born xix May 1972, to Janet Hunt
  7. Karen, built-in 1973 to Janet Bowen
  8. Stephanie, built-in 17 August 1974; according to Cedella Booker she was the girl of Rita and a man called Ital with whom Rita had an thing; nonetheless, she was best-selling as Bob's daughter
  9. Julian, built-in four June 1975, to Lucy Pounder
  10. Ky-Mani, born 26 Feb 1976, to Anita Belnavis
  11. Damian, born 21 July 1978, to Cindy Breakspeare

Other sites accept noted additional individuals who claim to be family members,[119] every bit noted below:

  • Makeda was born on 30 May 1981, to Yvette Crichton, afterward Marley's death.[120] Meredith Dixon's book lists her as Marley's child, but she is not listed as such on the Bob Marley official website.
  • Various websites, for example,[121] as well list Imani Carole, built-in 22 May 1963 to Cheryl Murray; simply she does not appear on the official Bob Marley website.[120]

Marley likewise has three notable grandchildren, musician Skip Marley, American football player Nico Marley and model Selah Marley.

Clan football

Aside from music, association football played a major role throughout his life.[122] Equally well as playing the game, in parking lots, fields, and even within recording studios, growing upwardly he followed the Brazilian gild Santos and its star player Pelé[122] and was also a supporter of English football game club, Tottenham Hotspur and Argentine midfielder Ossie Ardiles, who played for the gild from 1978 for a decade.[123] Marley surrounded himself with people from the sport, and in the 1970s fabricated the Jamaican international footballer Allan "Skill" Cole his tour manager.[122] He told a announcer, "If you want to get to know me, you will have to play football confronting me and the Wailers."[122]

Discography

Studio albums

  • The Wailing Wailers (1965)
  • Soul Rebels (1970)
  • Soul Revolution Part II (1971)
  • The Best of the Wailers (1971)
  • Take hold of a Fire (1973)
  • Burnin' (1973)
  • Natty Dread (1974)
  • Rastaman Vibration (1976)
  • Exodus (1977)
  • Kaya (1978)
  • Survival (1979)
  • Insurgence (1980)
  • Confrontation (1983)

Live albums

  • Live! (1975)
  • Babylon past Motorcoach (1978)

See also

  • Outline of Bob Marley
  • List of peace activists
  • Fabian Marley
  • Desis bobmarleyi – an underwater spider species named in honor of Marley

References

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Sources

  • Davis, Stephen (28 July 1983). Bob Marley: the biography . Littlehampton Book Services Ltd. ISBN978-0213168599.
  • Gooden, Lou (2003). Reggae Heritage: Jamaica's Music History, Civilisation & Politic. AuthorHouse. ISBN978-one-4107-8062-1. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
  • Hombach, Jean-Pierre (2012). Bob Marley: The Father of Music. Lulu. ISBN9781471620454. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  • Marley, Rita; Jones, Hettie (2004). No Woman No Cry: My Life with Bob Marley, Hyperion Books, ISBN 0-7868-8755-9
  • Masouri, Jon (11 Nov 2009). Wailing Blues – The Story of Bob Marley's Wailers. Music Sales Grouping. ISBN978-0-85712-035-ix. Archived from the original on ix July 2020. Retrieved 20 Feb 2016.
  • Moskowitz, David (2007). The Words and Music of Bob Marley. Westport, Connecticut, Us: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN978-0-275-98935-four. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved iv October 2020.
  • Moskowitz, David (2007). Bob Marley: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN978-0-313-33879-3. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
  • Toynbee, Jason (8 May 2013). Bob Marley: Herald of a Postcolonial World. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-0-7456-5737-0. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
  • White, Timothy (2006). Catch a Burn: The Life of Bob Marley. New York: Macmillan. ISBN0-8050-8086-4.

Further reading

  • Farley, Christopher (2007). Before the Fable: The Rising of Bob Marley, Amistad Printing, ISBN 0-06-053992-5
  • Goldman, Vivien (2006). The Volume of Exodus: The Making and Meaning of Bob Marley and the Wailers' Album of the Century, Aurum Printing, ISBN 1-84513-210-vi
  • Middleton, J. Richard (2000). "Identity and Subversion in Babylon: Strategies for 'Resisting Against the System' in the Music of Bob Marley and the Wailers". Religion, Civilization, and Tradition in the Caribbean. St. Martin's Press. pp. 181–198. ISBN978-0-312-23242-9. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2017.

External links

  • Official website [ permanent expressionless link ]
  • Bob Marley at Curlie
  • Bob Marley at Discogs

ritenourcasse1943.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley

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